Which convention established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

The establishment of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is rooted in the Chicago Convention, formally known as the Convention on International Civil Aviation, which was signed in 1944. This pivotal agreement laid the foundation for developing international air travel and ensuring safe and orderly flight operations across borders. The ICAO, which is a specialized agency of the United Nations, was created to oversee the implementation of the standards and regulations set forth in the Chicago Convention.

The significance of the Chicago Convention lies in its comprehensive framework that addresses various aspects of international civil aviation, including air navigation, aircraft safety, and the rights of aircraft over international airspace. By establishing ICAO, the Chicago Convention facilitated global cooperation among member states to enhance aviation safety, security, and efficiency, promoting seamless international travel.

In contrast, the other conventions listed, while also important in their own realms (for example, the Montreal Convention focuses on international air carrier liability, and the Tokyo Convention deals with offenses committed on board aircraft), do not pertain specifically to the founding of the ICAO. Therefore, the Chicago Convention is the correct answer as it explicitly established the ICAO and set the groundwork for international aviation law.